Edward, I

Notes:

Known as `Longshanks` because of his 6`2` frame and the `Hammer of the Scots` (his tombstone, in Latin, read, Hic est Edwardvs Primus Scottorum Malleus, `Here lies Edward I, Hammer of the Scots`), Achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who kept Scotland under Inglish domination. He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on 21 November 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III of England. His mother was Queen Consort Eleanor of Provence.
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster. He married twice; his first marriage was to Eleanor of Castile and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crossed, one at each place where her funeral cortege stopped for the night (Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St. Albans, Waltham, Westcheap and Charing).
Edward`s character greatly contrasted that of his father, who reigned in England throughout Edward`s childhood and consistently tended to favor compromise with his opponents. Edward had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. He gained a reputation for treating rebels and other foes with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, his cousins. In 1270 he traveled to Tunis, intending to fight in the Eighth Crusade alongside Louis IX of France, who died before Edward arrived; Edward instead travelled to Acre, in the Ninth Crusade. While in the Holy Land his father died; Edward arrived back in England in 1274.
One of Edward`s early achievements was the conquest of Wales. Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, Llewelyn ap Gruffydd (meaning `Like a Lion) had extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher lords, and gained the title of Prince of Wales although he still owed homage to the English monarch as overlord. Edward refused to recognize the Treaty which had been concluded by his father. In 1275, pirates in Edward`s pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort, Simon de Montfort`s only daughter, from France (where her family had lived in exile) to Wales, where she expected to marry Llywelyn the Last, then ruler of the principality. The parties` families had arranged the marriage previously, when an alliance with Simon de Montfort still counted politically. However, Llywelyn wanted the marriage largely to antagonize his long-standing enemy, Edward. With the hijacking of the ship, Edward gained possession of Eleanor and imprisoned her at Windsor. After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to Edward in 1274-75, Edward raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in 1276-77. After this campaign, Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to Edward and was stripped of all but a rump of territory in Gwynedd. But Edward allowed Llywelyn to retain the title of Prince of Wales, and the marriage with Eleanor de Montfort went ahead.
However, Llywelyn`s younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282. Llywelyn died shortly afterwards in a skirmish. Subsequently, Edward destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he commenced the construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which Caernarfon Castle provides a notable surviving example. Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and in 1301 Edward created his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of each English monarch has borne the same title. To help finance his war to conquer Wales, Edward I taxed the Jewish moneylenders. However, the cost of Edward`s ambitions soon drained the moneylenders dry. When the Jews could no longer pay, the state accused them of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, Edward furthermore abolished their right to lend money at interest, and eventually restricted their extra-curricular movements and activities. Edward decreed that all Jews wear a yellow patch in the shape of a star attached to their outer clothing to identify them in public.
In the course of King Edward`s persecution of the Jews, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households. The authorities took over 300 of them to the Tower of London and executed them, while killing others in their homes. Finally, in 1290, the King banished all Jews from the country.
Edward then turned his attentions to Scotland and on 10 May 1291 Scottish nobles recognised the authority of Edward I. He had planned to marry off his son to the child queen, Margaret of Scotland (called `The Maid of Norway) but when Margaret died, the Scottish nobles agreed to have Edward select her successor from the various claimants to the throne, and he chose John Balliol over other candidates. Edward was anxious to impose his overlordship on Scotland and hoped that John Balliol would prove the most biddable candidate. Indeed, Edward summoned John Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in 1293 and made it clear he expected John`s military and financial support against France. but this was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England.
Edward gathered his largest army yet and razed Berwick, massacring its inhabitants, proceeding to Dunbar and Edinburgh. The Stone of Destiny was removed from Scone Palace and taken to Westminster Abbey. Until 1996, it formed the seat on King Edward`s Chair, on which all English monarchs since 1308 have Been crowned, with the exception of Mary I. In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland, to return only during royal coronations. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear and oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English Viceroys.
Opposition sprang up, and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace, on 23 August 1305, having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. His plan to unite the two countries never came to fruition during his lifetime, however, and he died in 1307 at Burgh-by-Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. Against his wishes, Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey.
King Edward is villainously depicted in the film Braveheart.

http://lawgenealogy.tribalpages.com/tribe/browse?userid=lawgenealogy&view=0&pid=7509&rand=596289822

Died:
Near Carlisle

Edward married Eleanor de Castilla in Oct 1254 in Burgos, Spain. Eleanor (daughter of Fernando de Castilla, III and Jeane d`Aumale) was born in 1241 in Burgos, Spain; died on 28 Nov 1290 in Herdeby, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Joan got her name from her birthplace, Akko (Acre), Hazofan, Palestine. It differentiates her from an earlier Joan born to her parents, who died in infancy. Joan of Acre was born while her parents were traveling to the Middle East on the Seventh Crusade. At least part of her childhood she spent in France with her maternal grandmother, Jeanne de Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu. She was betrothed as a child to Hartman, son of King Rudolph I of Germany, but he died in 1282 after drowning in the Rhine.
In 1290, at Westminster Abbey, Joan married Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford. He was nearly 30 years her senior.
Following her husband`s death in 1295, Joan clandestinely married Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer, a knight in her household, in 1297. Her father, King Edward I, was enraged by this lowly second marriage, especially since he was arranging a marriage for her to an Italian nobleman. He had Monthermer thrown in prison, and Joan had to plead for the release of her husband. According to the St. Albans chronicler, she told her father, `No one sees anything wrong if a great earl marries a poor and lowly woman. Why should there be anything wrong if a countess marries a young and promising man?` At last her father relented, released Monthermer from prison in August 1297, and allowed him to hold the title of Earl of Gloucester and Hereford during Joan`s lifetime.
Joan died in childbirth in 1307 at the manor of Clare in Suffolk, England, a family possession, and was buried at the Augustinian priory there. Her child was stillborn. Miracles were said to occur at her grave, especially the healing of toothache, back pain and fever.

http://lawgenealogy.tribalpages.com/tribe/browse?userid=lawgenealogy&view=0&pid=3352&rand=528391349

Birth:
Acre
Akko, Palestine

Joan married Gilbert (the Red) de Clare in 1290 in Westminster Abbey, London, England. Gilbert was born on 02 Sep 1243 in Christchurch, Hampshire, England; died on 07 Dec 1295 in Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married Philippa Hainault on 24 Jan 1328 in York, Yorkshire, England. Philippa was born about 1314 in Belgium; died on 14 Aug 1369 in Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Hugh le Despencer. Hugh (son of Hugh (the Younger) Le Despencer and Isabella de Beauchamp) was born on 01 Mar 1290; died on 29 Nov 1326 in Hereford, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• Occupation: Duke of Lancaster
• Occupation: Earl of Derby
• Occupation: Earl of Richmond
• Occupation: King of Castille and Leon
• Occupation: Sheriff of Lancashire

Notes:

http://www.themcs.org/characters/John%20Plantagenet.htm

Birth:
St Bavon's Abbey, Ghent, Flanders

Family/Spouse: Catherine Swynford. Catherine was born in 1350 in Picardy, Somme, France; died on 10 May 1403 in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Maurice (the Valiant) de Berkeley. Maurice (son of Thomas (The Rich) de Berkeley and Margaret De Mortimer) was born in 1330 in Berkeley , Gloucestershire, England; died on 08 Jun 1368 in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]